Development of Crystalline Corneal Opacities (Steroid Keratopathy) in Dogs After Treatment With Ophthalmic Corticosteroids.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate and describe the relationship between the use of topical corticosteroids and the development of crystalline corneal opacities (steroid keratopathy) in a colony of research Beagles and Beagle-derived dogs. METHODS: Medical records of 73 purpose-bred Beagles and Beagle-derived dogs were reviewed from June 2012 to May 2021. All dogs were treated with topical ophthalmic corticosteroids for at least 21 days. In addition to regular ophthalmic examination, some dogs also had a systemic lipid profile (n = 6) performed to work up further and characterize the crystalline corneal opacities. Globes of 3 dogs were examined histopathologically. RESULTS: Axial stromal crystalline corneal opacities were appreciated in 25 eyes of 14 dogs after a median of 141 days after initiating treatment (35-396 days). Multiple corticosteroids were used, including neomycin-polymyxin b-dexamethasone 0.1% ophthalmic ointment, prednisolone acetate 1% ophthalmic suspension, and difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Durezol). Resolution of corneal opacity was documented in 4 of 25 eyes when ophthalmic corticosteroids were discontinued after a median of 406.5 days (271-416 days). Histopathologic examination revealed a dense band of acellular material, poorly staining with periodic acid-Schiff, subtending the corneal epithelium, and being surrounded by spindle cells. CONCLUSIONS: This case series documents the onset of steroid keratopathy in Beagles and Beagle-derived dogs after treatment with ophthalmic corticosteroids. Clinical resolution of steroid keratopathy lesions may be possible after discontinuation of ophthalmic corticosteroids.

Iris angiography in ADAMTS10 mutant dogs with open-angle glaucoma (ADAMTS10-OAG).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anterior segment angiographic findings in hypertensive ADAMTS10-open-angle glaucoma (ADAMTS10-OAG) eyes as compared to normotensive control eyes. ANIMALS STUDIED: Nine ADAMTS10-OAG beagles and four wild-type control dogs. PROCEDURES: Anterior segment angiography was performed under general anesthesia following intravenous injection of indocyanine green (ICG; 1 mg/kg) and sodium fluorescein (SF; 20 mg/kg) using a Heidelberg Spectralis® confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Time to onset of iridal angiographic phases and the presence/severity of dye leakage into the iris stromal and/or aqueous humor were recorded. Group findings were compared, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify potential factor associations with disease status. RESULTS: Time to onset of all angiographic phases visualized using ICG was significantly prolonged while time to onset of SF leakage into the aqueous humor was significantly reduced in glaucomatous eyes compared to controls. Only glaucomatous eyes (n = 9) demonstrated evidence of SF stromal leakage. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) and age were significantly higher, while mean cardiac pulse was significantly lower in glaucomatous eyes compared to controls. Blood pressure and ocular perfusion pressure were not significantly different between groups. Multiple linear regression analysis, controlling for age, IOP, and pulse demonstrated glaucoma, was not predictive of the time to onset of any angiographic phase, stromal, or aqueous humor leakage. However, pulse was a significant factor contributing to the severity of aqueous humor leakage. CONCLUSIONS: A compromised vascular supply to the anterior segment exists in dogs with ADAMTS10-OAG. These observations warrant further exploration of what role altered perfusion and/or disruption to the blood-aqueous barrier may play.

Aqueous angiography in pre-glaucomatous and glaucomatous ADAMTS10-mutant canine eyes: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intravenous scleral and intracameral aqueous angiography in normotensive (n = 4) and hypertensive glaucomatous (n = 6) ADAMTS10-mutant canine eyes. ANIMALS STUDIED: Ten ADAMTS10-mutant dogs were used in this study. PROCEDURES: Dogs were sedated and one eye from each dog underwent scleral angiography following intravenous injection of 0.25% indocyanine green (ICG). After a 24-h recovery period, the same eye underwent aqueous angiography via intracameral administration of ICG. Imaging of identical scleral sectors from the same eye was performed using a Heidelberg Spectralis® Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope. Intrascleral vessel depth and lumen diameters were measured using Heidelberg Spectralis® optical coherence tomography and computer software. RESULTS: Scleral angiography permitted visualization of vascular components associated with conventional aqueous humor outflow pathways with an average time from injection to fluorescence of 35.8 ± 10.6 s (mean ± SD). Two normotensive eyes (2/10;20%) demonstrated turbulent dye movement, while 4 hypertensive eyes (4/10;40%) exhibited laminar flow. Aqueous angiography demonstrated dye fluorescence within the post-trabecular conventional aqueous humor outflow pathways in all 10 eyes at 34.3 ± 11.0 s post-injection. Sectoral and dynamic outflow patterns were observed primarily within the superotemporal sector in nine eyes (9/10; 90%). Seven eyes (7/10; 70%) demonstrated pulsatile dye movement and five eyes (5/10; 50%) exhibited laminar flow. The degree of laminar movement of dye was greatest in hypertensive eyes. Vessel lumen diameters measured 133.85 ± 28.36 µm and 161.18 ± 6.02 µm in hypertensive and normotensive eyes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Aqueous angiography allowed for visualization of fluorescent dye in the superotemporal sclera. Laminar flow and smaller lumen vessels were observed mainly in hypertensive eyes.

Assessment of iris vasculature abnormalities in dogs with diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and characterize abnormalities of iris vasculature in dogs with diabetes mellitus, compared to clinically normal, age-matched control dogs, by means of anterior segment angiography. ANIMALS: 10 dogs with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus and 10 age-matched control dogs with no ocular or systemic disease. PROCEDURES: The day before iris vasculature abnormality (IVA) assessment, all dogs underwent complete physical and ophthalmic examinations and baseline clinicopathologic analyses. For diabetic dogs, serum fructosamine concentration and a 12-hour blood glucose concentration curve were generated. The next day, all dogs were sedated and anterior segment angiography (following IV injection of indocyanine green [1 mg/kg] and subsequently sodium fluorescein [20 mg/kg]) was performed with a full-spectrum camera and camera adapter system. Group findings were compared, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify potential factor associations with IVAs. RESULTS: During anterior segment angiography, the arterial, capillary, and venous phases were identified in all dogs. Times to onset of all phases in diabetic dogs were significantly less than those in control dogs. Vascular disruptions within the peripupillary region (evident following sodium fluorescein administration) were common in diabetic dogs. Severity of dye leakage into the iris stroma and aqueous humor was significantly greater in diabetic dogs than in control dogs. Duration of disease, mean blood glucose concentration, and serum fructosamine concentration were significantly associated with IVAs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In diabetic dogs, anterior segment angiography revealed IVAs that were not evident in control dogs. The severity of those changes appeared to be associated with disease duration and blood glucose regulation.

Effectiveness of MB-102, a novel fluorescent tracer agent, for conducting ocular angiography in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel fluorescence tracer agent, MB-102, for conducting ocular angiography in dogs. ANIMALS: 10 ophthalmologically normal dogs (2 to 4 years old) and 10 dogs with retinal degeneration or primary open-angle glaucoma (< 6 years old). PROCEDURES: While anesthetized, all dogs received sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg, IV) or MB-102 (20 or 40 mg/kg, IV) first and then the other dye in a second treatment session 2 days later in a randomized crossover design. Anterior fluorescence angiography was performed on one eye and posterior fluorescence angiography on the other. Imaging was performed with a full-spectrum camera and camera adaptor system. Filter sets that were tailored to match the excitation and emission characteristics of each angiographic fluorescent agent were used. RESULTS: All phases and phase intervals during anterior and posterior segment angiography were identified, regardless of the dye used. However, agent fluorescence and visualization of the iridal blood vessels were hindered in some dogs, irrespective of agent, owing to the degree of iridal pigmentation present. No significant difference was noted between the 2 dyes in any phase or phase interval, and slight improvement in image contrast was observed with MB-102 during the venous phases owing to a reduction of vessel wall staining in both normal and diseased eyes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that MB-102 would be useful for conducting ocular angiography in dogs.

Reproducibility and repeatability of optical coherence tomography imaging of the optic nerve head in normal beagle eyes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reproducibility and repeatability of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) device for imaging the optic nerve region of normal canines. ANIMALS STUDIED: Twelve clinically healthy beagles. PROCEDURES: All animals were anesthetized, and an OCT device was used to image the optic disk region. Total disk area and retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness in eight segments were obtained from each image. Images were collected by two operators in succession and each operator took five scans, repositioning the device between measurements. B-scan segmentations and disk outlines were subsequently redrawn to obtain manual measurements, allowing for comparisons between automated measurements. RESULTS: Operator 1 had a mean (±SD) NFL thickness (automatic) and disk area of 73.38 ± 7.41 µm and 3.69 ± 0.52 mm², while operator 2 had 74.27 ± 7.33 µm and 3.67 ± 0.51 mm², respectively. With manual corrections, operator 1 had a NFL thickness and disk area of 86.19 ± 8.26 µm and 3.74 ± 0.68 mm², while operator 2 had 86.85 ± 6.91 µm and 3.81 ± 0.56 mm², respectively. Operators did not obtain significantly different values for any region. Intraclass correlation ranged from 0.33 to 0.97 (average 0.78). Coefficient of variation ranged from 8.8 to 36.2%. CONCLUSION: The OCT device demonstrated high inter-rater reliability. Intrarater reliability was strong for disk area and total NFL; however, the segmental regions demonstrated a higher degree of variability. Manual and automated measurements were significantly different for total NFL and some segmental regions; therefore, users should consistently use one method for longitudinal studies.

Ophthalmic variables in rehabilitated juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii).

OBJECTIVE: To determine central corneal thickness (total corneal thickness [TCT], epithelial thickness [ET], and stromal thickness [ST]), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and intraocular pressure (IOP) in Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii). DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 25 healthy rehabilitated juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtles. PROCEDURES; Body weight and straight-line standard carapace length (SCL) were recorded. All turtles underwent a complete anterior segment ophthalmic examination. Central TCT, ET, ST, and ACD were determined by use of a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device. Intraocular pressure was determined with a rebound tonometer; the horse setting was used to measure IOP in all 25 turtles, and the undefined setting was also used to measure IOP in 20 turtles. For each variable, 3 measurements were obtained bilaterally. The mean was calculated for each eye and used for analysis purposes. RESULTS: The mean ± SD body weight and SCL were 3.85 ± 1.05 kg (8.47 ± 2.31 lb) and 29 ± 3 cm, respectively. The mean ± SD TCT, ET, ST, and ACD were 288 ± 23 µm, 100 ± 6 µm, 190 ± 19 µm, and 581 ± 128 µm, respectively. Mean ± SD IOP was 6.5 ± 1.0 mm Hg when measured with the horse setting and 3.8 ± 1.1 mm Hg when measured with the undefined setting. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results provided preliminary reference ranges for objective assessment of ophthalmic variables in healthy juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtles.

Orbital and Subcutaneous Emphysema Following Enucleation and Respiratory Distress in a Japanese Chin.

A 7 yr old, neutered male Japanese chin presented to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University (CSVMTU) for evaluation of chronic unilateral orbital swelling that worsened following an episode of respiratory distress. The left eye had been enucleated 5 yr previously. Intermittent mild-to-moderate left orbital swelling had been noted by the owner since the initial surgery. Examination demonstrated a moderate-to-severe, soft, fluctuant swelling involving the left orbit with erythema of the overlying skin. Crepitus was noted over the occipital tuberosity. Computed tomography revealed a large volume of gas involving the left orbit. The gas extended caudally within the subcutaneous tissues to both hemimandibles, dorsal to the cranium, and partially surrounded the cranial neck. The presence of a mucosa-lined, air-filled space with a patent nasolacrimal duct was noted on orbital exploration. The lining was removed and the duct closed. Histopathology confirmed the presence of an epithelial lining. No recurrence of the swelling was observed on examination 8 wk after surgery. This is the first report documenting acute worsening of orbital swelling following an episode of respiratory distress. This case highlights the importance of addressing the nasolacrimal duct while performing an enculeation in a brachycephalic dog.

Fluorescein gonioangiography of the normal canine eye using a dSLR camera adaptor.

The purpose of this study was to describe fluorescein gonioangiography (FGA) of the normal canine eye using a digital single lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor. Dogs were anesthetized using intravenous propofol. Imaging was performed using a Lovac Barkan goniolens, dSLR camera, dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens, and accessory flash. Twelve dogs with a mean age of 2.0 +/- 0.8 years were imaged. No characteristic angiographic phases were observed. Leakage from the peri-limbal capillary network was a common finding and occurred 7.7 +/- 2.2 s post injection in 9 (75%) dogs. In 3 (25%) dogs, filling of the circumferential ciliary artery was observed 10.3 +/- 2.8 s post injection. Dye leakage within the iris base and into the aqueous humor was demonstrated in 4 (33%) and 6 dogs (50%) respectively. No adverse events were noted. This study demonstrates FGA findings in normal canine eyes using a cost effective dSLR camera adaptor.

Unilateral choristoma of the nictitating membrane in a horse.

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 2-year-old Morgan mare was evaluated because of a corneal ulceration. CLINICAL FINDINGS: An irregular, deep stromal corneal ulcer in an area of malacia was noted in the left eye. Hypopyon was present in the ventral portion of the anterior chamber with moderate aqueous flare. The nictitating membrane of the left eye had hairs originating from its leading edge that contacted the corneal surface. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: General anesthesia was induced, and a bulbar pedicle conjunctival graft was performed. The conjunctiva at the leading edge of the nictitating membrane, including the aberrant hair follicles, was excised. Microscopically, a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, sebaceous glands, and hair shafts were present, confirming a choristoma of pilosebaceous origin at the leading edge of the nictitating membrane. Six weeks after surgery, the horse had no signs of discomfort, with no regrowth of the hairs; no loss of vision was evident. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ocular choristomas develop secondary to defective fetal cellular differentiation and are rarely reported in the equine literature. The choristoma in this horse contained ectopic hair follicles with hair growth as well as sebaceous glands. This finding emphasizes the importance of a thorough adnexal examination in horses with corneal disease.

Reliability of manual measurements of corneal thickness obtained from healthy canine eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

The purpose of this study was to manually measure corneal thickness in canine eyes using a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device and to assess intra- and inter-observer reliability of this technique. Twenty healthy dogs with a mean age of 4.7 y were examined. A 6-mm corneal pachymetry protocol was carried out by 1 operator using 1 SD-OCT device in both eyes of each animal. Measurements were obtained manually and in duplicate by 2 independent investigators (> 24 h apart), using the built-in caliper function. Measurements included epithelial thickness (ET), non-epithelial thickness (NET), and central corneal thickness (CCT). The overall mean ET, NET, and CCT for all eyes examined were 72.3 ± 4.6 µm, 538.9 ± 42.5 µm, and 611.2 ± 40.3 µm, respectively. There was no significant difference in ET, NET, or CCT based on the eye examined [oculus dexter (OD) versus oculus sinister (OS)], age, or gender of the animal. There was no significant difference in replicate measurements of ET, NET, or CCT done by the same operator, although a small but significant difference was noted between operators for ET measurements only. The mean difference in ET between operators was 0.6 µm (P = 0.03). The coefficient of variation ranged from 0.5% to 9.27% and intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.35 to 0.97. Based on these results, manual measurements of corneal thickness in canine eyes using a portable SD-OCT device provided ET, NET, and CCT measurements with clinically acceptable intra- and inter-observer reliability.

L'objectif de la présente étude était de mesurer manuellement l'épaisseur de la cornée des yeux canins en utilisant un appareil à tomographie par cohérence optique du domaine spectral (SD-OCT) et d'évaluer la fiabilité intra- et inter-observateur de cette technique. Vingt chiens en santé d'un âge moyen de 4,7 ans furent examinés. Un protocole de pachymétrie a été mené par un opérateur utilisant un appareil SD-OCT dans les deux yeux de chaque animal. Les mesures ont été obtenues manuellement et en duplicata par deux chercheurs indépendants (> 24 h de délai), en utilisant la fonction de pied à coulisse incluse. Les mesures incluaient l'épaisseur épithéliale (ET), l'épaisseur non-épithéliale (NET), et l'épaisseur au centre de la cornée (CCT). Les moyennes globales d'ET, de NET et de CCT pour tous les yeux examinés étaient respectivement de 72,3 ± 4,6 µm, 538,9 ± 42,5 µm, et 611,2 ± 40,3 µm. Il n'y avait aucune différence significative des valeurs de ET, NET, ou CCT selon l'oeil examiné (oeil droit versus oeil gauche), âge, ou sexe de l'animal. Il n'y avait aucune différence significative dans les mesures répétées de ET, NET, ou CCT faites par le même opérateur, et une petite mais significative différence fut notée entre les opérateurs pour les mesures de ET seulement. La différence moyenne dans les mesures de ET entre les opérateurs était de 0,6 µm (P = 0,03). Le coefficient de variation variait de 0,5 % à 9,27 % et le coefficient de corrélation intra-classe variait de 0,35 à 0,97. En fonction de ces résultats, la mesure manuelle de l'épaisseur de la cornée des yeux de chien à l'aide d'un appareil SD-OCT portatif fournit des données de ET, NET, et CCT avec une fiabilité intra- et inter observateur qui est cliniquement acceptable.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

Central corneal thickness measurements in normal dogs: a comparison between ultrasound pachymetry and optical coherence tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To compare central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements obtained from normal canines using a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device (SD-OCT) and an ultrasonic pachymeter. ANIMALS: Fifteen clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs were briefly anesthetized with propofol. Central corneal thickness measurements were obtained from both eyes of each animal four times by one operator using a SD-OCT system. The CCT was automatically calculated using the pachymetry software generated from eight radial scans, 6 mm in length. Ultrasonic pachymetry was then performed in both eyes of each animal by one operator five times in succession. The CCT was recorded for each modality and compared statistically for agreement and bias. RESULTS: Fifteen dogs (seven castrated male, eight spayed female) with a mean age of 2.3 ± 1.3 years were examined. The mean CCT for all eyes examined via SD-OCT and ultrasonic pachymetry (velocity set at 1636 m/s) was 587.72 ± 32.44 µm and 598.54 ± 32.28 µm, respectively. Ultrasonic pachymetry consistently overestimated CCT as compared to OCT by a mean value of 10.82 µm (P < 0.0001). No significant difference in CCT was found based on the age or sex of the animal. There was no significant difference in CCT measurements between replicates performed by the same operator for each modality. The coefficient of variation within and between imaging modalities was low (range 0.63-2.5%). The intraclass correlation coefficient comparing methods was 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: Correlation between modalities was excellent; however, ultrasonic pachymetry set at a standard velocity of 1636 m/s overestimates CCT as compared to OCT.

Canine multifocal retinopathy caused by a BEST1 mutation in a Boerboel.

A 7-month-old male intact Boerboel presented to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University for the evaluation of ocular discharge. Bilateral multifocal serous retinal detachments were noted on fundus examination as an incidental finding. Genetic testing confirmed the dog to be homozygous for a mutation in the BEST1 gene, where a C73 T/R25 X change results in premature termination codon. Further testing, including electroretinography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), demonstrated that there was no evidence of retinal photoreceptor dysfunction and confirmed that observed lesions were characteristic of canine multifocal retinopathy. No progression of the lesions was noted 3 months after the initial examination. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of canine multifocal retinopathy in the Boerboel breed.

Western blot patterns of serum autoantibodies against optic nerve antigens in dogs with goniodysgenesis-related glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether differences existed between clinically normal dogs and dogs with goniodysgenesis-related glaucoma (GDRG) in serum autoantibodies against optic nerve antigens. ANIMALS: 16 dogs with GDRG, 17 healthy dogs with unremarkable pectinate ligament and iridocorneal angle morphology, and 13 euthanized dogs with no major ocular abnormalities or underlying diseases. PROCEDURES: Western blotting was performed with optic nerve extracts from the euthanized dogs as an antigen source and serum from clinically normal dogs and dogs with GDRG as a primary antibody (autoantibody) source. Blots were evaluated for presence and density of bands. RESULTS: Multiple bands were identified on western blots from all dogs with GDRG and all clinically normal dogs, with a high degree of variability among individual dogs. Dogs with GDRG were significantly more likely than healthy dogs to have bands present at 38, 40, and 68 kDa. Dogs with GDRG had significant increases in autoreactivity at 40 and 53 kDa and a significant decrease in autoreactivity at 48 kDa. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Significant differences in serum autoantibodies against optic nerve antigens were found in dogs with versus without GDRG. Although it remains unclear whether these differences were part of the pathogenesis of disease or were sequelae to glaucomatous changes, these findings provide support for the hypothesis that immune-mediated mechanisms play a role in the development or progression of GDRG. However, the high degree of variability among individual dogs and the considerable overlap between groups suggest that the clinical usefulness of this technique for distinguishing dogs with GDRG from clinically normal dogs is likely limited.

Intra and inter-user reliability of central corneal thickness measurements obtained in healthy feline eyes using a portable spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the intra and inter-user reliability of central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements obtained using a portable spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device in healthy feline eyes. ANIMALS: Twenty clinically normal cats. PROCEDURES: Gentle manual restraint was utilized for proper animal positioning. Central corneal thickness measurements were obtained from both eyes of each animal three times by two operators in succession. A 6 mm, corneal pachymetry protocol was performed using the Optovue® iVue SD-OCT system. The CCT was automatically calculated using the pachymetry software generated from eight radial scans, 6 mm in length. The CCT was recorded for each operator and compared statistically for both intra and inter-user reliability. RESULTS: Twenty cats (11 CM, 9 SF) with a mean age of 4.7 years were examined. The mean CCT for all eyes examined was 629.08 ± 47.05 µm. No significant difference in CCT was found based on the eye examined (OD vs. OS) or age of the animal. However, the CCT of spayed females was significantly higher (42.64 ± 18.0 µm) as compared to castrated males (P = 0.03). There was no significant difference in CCT measurements between replicates performed by the same operator or between operators. The mean difference in CCT between operators was 0.38 µm. The coefficient of variation for each user and between users was very low (range 0.68-1.5%). The intra-class correlation coefficient comparing operators was 0.975. CONCLUSIONS: The Optovue® iVue SD-OCT device is capable of obtaining CCT measurements with excellent intra and interoperator reliability in healthy feline eyes.

Glaucoma associated with uveal cysts and goniodysgenesis in American Bulldogs: a case series.

We present a series of three American Bulldogs with clinical signs of glaucoma and intraocular inflammation accompanied by bilateral uveal cysts and abnormal gonioscopic findings. All dogs proved refractory to medical management and were enucleated. Histopathologic findings were similar in all three and included significant preiridal fibrovascular membranes and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates in the anterior uvea. On microscopic evaluation, cysts appeared to arise primarily from the ciliary body and iridociliary sulcus, with smaller cysts also budding from the posterior iris. Pigment dispersion was variable but consistent, involving deposition of a small number of pigment-laden cells in the dependent trabecular meshwork. Cataract formation was not noted. Glaucoma associated with uveal cysts has been described previously in Golden Retrievers and Great Danes, although clinical and histopathologic findings in those breeds are not identical to those described here. American Bulldogs with uveal cysts should have gonioscopy performed and should be monitored carefully for signs of increased intraocular pressure and intraocular inflammation. Furthermore, documentation of cyst-associated glaucoma in a third breed suggests clinicians should exercise caution in dismissing uveal cysts in dogs as incidental findings.

Anterior segment fluorescein angiography of the normal feline eye using a dSLR camera adaptor.

PURPOSE: To describe anterior segment fluorescein angiography (ASFA) of the normal feline eye using a digital single-lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor. ANIMALS: Ten cats free of ocular and systemic disease were evaluated. METHODS: All cats received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ) and diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SQ) 20 min prior to anesthesia using propofol (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min CRI). Standard color and red-free images were obtained prior to the administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Imaging was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon EF-S 60 mm f/2.8 macro), and an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/second immediately following IV bolus of sodium fluorescein for a total of 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 min. RESULTS: Ten cats with an average age of 3.7 ± 0.9 years and various iris colors were imaged. Arterial, capillary, and venous phases occurred 4.6, 7.8, and 8.9 s postinjection, respectively. Visibility of the vasculature was not impaired by the degree of iris pigmentation. Patency of a persistent pupillary membrane was noted in one cat. Vessel leakage was common, as well as, leakage into the aqueous humor. Proper patient positioning and restricted ocular movements were critical. No adverse events were noted. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates ASFA findings in normal feline eyes using a cost-effective dSLR camera adaptor. Fluorescein leakage from vessels and into the aqueous humor was a common finding. Visibility of iris vasculature was not impaired by the degree of iris pigmentation.

Reactive histiocytosis of the orbit and posterior segment in a dog.

We present a case of reactive histiocytic disease involving the orbit, optic nerve, retina, and choroid in a Border Collie dog initially presenting for vision loss. Long-term partial return of vision has been achieved with systemic immunosuppression. Anterior segment and ocular surface manifestations of reactive histiocytic disease in dogs are relatively common. Posterior segment and orbital involvement, however, are minimally documented in the existing literature. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of disease confined to the orbit and posterior segment as well as the first report of vision loss as a presenting complaint for reactive histiocytic disease. Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, cytologic, and histopathologic findings are reviewed.

Surgical treatment of epibulbar melanocytomas by complete excision and homologous corneoscleral grafting in dogs: 11 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy, outcome, and complications following penetrating sclerokeratoplasty and frozen homologous corneoscleral grafting for the management of extensive canine epibulbar melanocytomas. METHODS: Medical records of canine patients treated at three different veterinary hospitals between 1999 and 2010 were reviewed. Signalment, location and extent of melanocytomas, recurrence rate, and early and late complications were reported. Patients were re-examined postoperatively to provide follow-up information. RESULTS: Patients included one intact male, three castrated males, six intact females, and one spayed female, with a median age of 5 years (range, 3-9). German Shepherds were overrepresented. Tumors extended from 2 to 4 clock hours at the limbus and up to 17 mm from clear cornea to globe equator. One case showed iridocorneal angle invasion; corneal involvement was present in all cases, and lipid keratopathy was present in four cases. In two cases, there was incomplete resection owing to tumor extent. Follow-up time ranged from 3 to 72 months (median, 17 months), with one case of intraocular tumor progression. Early complications included anterior uveitis (11/11), intracameral fibrin (5/11), hyphema (4/11), corneal edema (4/11), exuberant corneal granulation tissue (2/11), focal retinal edema (1/11), dyscoria (1/11), and partial suture dehiscence (1/11). Late complications included corneal fibrosis and/or pigmentation (11/11), faint anterior cortical cataracts (3/11), and lipid keratopathy (1/11). Vision was retained in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: This technique offers a surgically challenging but effective treatment for extensive epibulbar melanocytomas. In this case series, complications were mild and transient, with preservation of ocular anatomy and function.

Histopathologic evaluation of the anterior segment of eyes enucleated due to glaucoma secondary to primary lens displacement in 13 canine globes.

PURPOSE To describe histologic anterior segment changes in eyes affected with primary lens displacement (PLD) and secondary glaucoma. METHODS Histologic sections stained with H&E from canine eyes enucleated because of PLD and secondary glaucoma were examined. RESULTS Thirteen eyes from 12 patients were evaluated. Four dogs were castrated males and eight spayed females. Median age was 8 years of age (range 3-13). Breeds included seven terriers and five other breeds. All eyes examined demonstrated varying degrees of inflammation involving the iris and cleft. Mononuclear and melanophagic infiltration of the cleft was found in all specimens. Four globes also showed polymorphonuclear infiltrate. Pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes were clearly identified in 10 of 13 eyes. Total inflammatory score was significantly greater in all globes examined compared with an age-matched group of normal dogs. The posterior pigmented iris epithelium demonstrated a consistent pattern of hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy and cystic degeneration, more prominent in the more central regions. In some cases, hyperplasia was of greatest severity in the mid-iris and associated with thinning or flattening of the pupillary region. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that lens instability may be associated with chronic inflammation and secondary glaucoma. Mechanical irritation from an unstable lens may result in hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of the posterior pigmented iris epithelium and subsequent cellular exfoliation and release of melanin. An inflammatory reaction directly or indirectly related to melanin release may obstruct the outflow pathways ultimately leading to glaucoma and loss of vision. Use of topical steroids may be warranted in dogs with PLD.